Black (dark) surfaces, typically in the form of flat boards, plates, or cloths/wool of various shapes, exposed outdoors overnight under clear, calm conditions.According to accounts of Pieter van Musschenbroek’s experiments (referenced in his physics texts around the discussion of dew/ros in sections such as § 1535 of the relevant essay/edition), he systematically compared the deposition of dew on different materials and surfaces by leaving them exposed to the night air (often in Holland, sometimes noting association with low mist or haze).
- Method: Bodies of different compositions, mechanical states, and colors were placed similarly situated (e.g., on or elevated above the ground) during calm, clear (or lightly misty) nights and examined the next morning for the quantity of condensed moisture. He observed preferential formation on non-metals versus bright metals (which largely resisted dew on their upper surfaces) and further differences by color and surface properties. Quantities were assessed by visible wetting, drop formation, or (in related later work building on his observations) weighing.
- Shape of material: Flat surfaces such as boards, plates, or sheets (and also fibrous materials like wool or cloth formed into flattened parcels or similar shapes) were commonly used, as these allowed clear comparison of upper-surface deposition. Thinner or more finely divided forms generally attracted more than thick/dense ones of the same substance.
- Color: Black (or dark) attracted the most dew. Darker surfaces cooled more effectively by radiating heat to the clear sky, dropping below the dew point of the adjacent air more readily than lighter/white or metallic surfaces.
These findings supported the reality of dew’s preferential “fall” or condensation and were later refined by experimenters such as Wells (who explicitly tested black vs. white wool and pasteboard and found a modest excess on black). Exact wording and numbering can vary slightly by edition of Musschenbroek’s Elementa, Institutiones, or Introductio.